Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Alaska. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Alaska. Mostrar todas las entradas

domingo, 2 de junio de 2013

nsf.gov - News - Expedition to the Gulf of Alaska: Scientists Study Coastal Mountains and Glaciers

Researchers follow path of sediments from mountains and glaciers to the deep sea.-

Alaska's Malaspina Glacier
Alaska's Malaspina Glacier, visible in the foreground, spreads over the land as it 'flows.'
Credit: John Jaeger
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The scientific drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution
The scientific drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution is on an expedition in the Gulf of Alaska.
Credit: IODP
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Map of the Gulf of Alaska, where IODP Expedition 341 is taking place.
Map of the Gulf of Alaska, where IODP Expedition 341 is taking place.
Credit: Wikimedia Commons
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Mpa showing sites marked in red show where scientists plan to retrieve sediment core samples.
Sites marked in red show where scientists plan to retrieve sediment core samples.
Credit: IODP
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Malaspina Glacier as seen from space
Malaspina Glacier (from space) is a piedmont glacier: it's along the foot of a mountain range.
Credit: NASA
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Location of current drilling sites on IODP Expedition 341, and previous drilling sites (inset).
Location of current drilling sites on IODP Expedition 341, and previous drilling sites (inset).
Credit: IODP
Download the high-resolution JPG version of the image. (420 KB)
Geologists aboard the scientific ocean drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution have embarked on their next adventure: studying glaciers to learn how Earth's geologic processes relate to the planet's climate history.
In the waters near Alaska's stunning coastal glaciers, the researchers are on Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 341: Southern Alaska Margin Tectonics, Climate and Sedimentation.
The ship set sail today from Victoria, British Columbia. The expedition will conclude on July 29, 2013.
"Its scientists are examining the relationship between mountain-building, glaciation and climate," says Jamie Allan, program director in the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Ocean Sciences, which supports IODP.
"This interplay happens not only in Alaska but in other parts of the world," says Allan. "New insights into these processes will help scientists better understand climate history and change, and how mountain landscapes form."
Led by co-chief scientists John Jaeger of the University of Florida and Sean Gulick of the University of Texas at Austin, an international team of researchers will collect and study sediments from five locations in the Gulf of Alaska.
They will investigate interactions between long-term climate change, including the fluctuations of large glaciers, and how mountains form.
The geologists will also conduct research on the transport of sediments from the mountains to the deep sea.
Because glaciers can erode and carry with them large amounts of rock, these rivers of ice can dramatically alter the landscape.
By rapidly decreasing the overall amount of rock in areas they scour, glaciers can also alter mountain ranges and cause uplifting--sometimes in less than one million years. In geologic terms, a relatively short time span.
"Mountains grow when numerous faults thrust layers of rock on top of each other," Gulick says. "We're asking whether this increases in locations with lots of erosion, such as beneath Alaska's glaciers."
The mountains of southern Alaska "have the perfect combination of large glaciers and rapidly uplifting mountains to test this idea," says Jaeger.
"We know very little about the long-term history of these glaciers," he says, "relative to what we know about other large ice sheets in, for example, Greenland and Antarctica."
The scientists are also comparing the advance and retreat of the Northern Cordilleran Ice Sheet with those of other major ice sheets. During the last 2.6 or so million years, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet periodically covered a large part of North America.
They also plan to obtain a record of Earth's magnetic field reversals recorded in the Gulf of Alaska, and look at ocean circulation changes and their effects on Earth's carbon cycle during transitions into and out of ice ages.
"Thousands of tourists sail through the Gulf of Alaska each year to see the dramatic landscapes created by these glaciers," Jaeger says.
Jaeger hopes that, in addition to many scientific benefits, "the findings from this expedition will provide tourists with a sense of how dynamic that landscape truly is."
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is an international research program dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of the Earth through drilling, coring and monitoring the subseafloor.
The JOIDES Resolution is a scientific research vessel managed by the U.S. Implementing Organization of IODP (USIO). Texas A&M University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University and the Consortium for Ocean Leadership comprise the USIO.
IODP is supported by two lead agencies: the U.S. National Science Foundation and Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
Additional program support comes from the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling, the Australia-New Zealand IODP Consortium, India's Ministry of Earth Sciences, the People's Republic of China's Ministry of Science and Technology, the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources and Brazil's Ministry of Education.
-NSF-
Media Contacts Cheryl Dybas, NSF (703) 292-7734 cdybas@nsf.gov
Matt Wright, Consortium for Ocean Leadership (202) 448-1254 mwright@oceanleadership.org
Miyuki Otomo, IODP (+81) 367013188 motomo@iodp.org
Related WebsitesIODP Expedition 341: Southern Alaska Margin Tectonics, Climate and Sedimentation: http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/expeditions/alaska_tectonics_climate.html
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2012, its budget was $7.0 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives about 50,000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11,500 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $593 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
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The National Science Foundation (NSF)
 Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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viernes, 2 de marzo de 2012

CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO: La disminución de los glaciares acentúa las tormentas de polvo

Hola amigos: AL VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., Desde la Patagonia hasta Islandia la disminución de los glaciares deja al descubierto suelos desde los que se levantan tormentas de polvo que afectan la vida marina y el clima global, según un estudio que publica hoy la revista Science. AUSTRALIA-TORMENTA.- Imagen de archivo enviada por el satélite Terra de la NASA y facilitada por el Departamento de Meteorología de Australia que muestra la tormenta de arena sobre Queensland y Nueva Gales del Sur (Australia).Agencia EFE/EPA/AAP/METEOROLOGY BUREAU / HANDOUT

Washington, 2 mar (EFEverde).- Desde la Patagonia hasta Islandia la disminución de los glaciares deja al descubierto suelos desde los que se levantan tormentas de polvo que afectan la vida marina y el clima global, según un estudio que publica hoy la revista Science.

"La presencia creciente de aerosoles minerales en altas latitudes es sorprendente", dijo a Efe Joseph Prospero, un investigador en la Universidad de Miami autor del estudio y quien durante décadas ha investigado el efecto del polvo en el ambiente global.

Las investigaciones de Prospero ya han establecido que el polvo que se levanta desde regiones tropicales de África es transportado a buena parte del sur y el este de Estados Unidos cada verano (hemisferio norte) y causa del 75 al 80 por ciento del polvo que cae sobre Florida.

Éste no es un fenómeno solamente contemporáneo y las muestras de sedimentos en la tierra y de hielo profundo muestran incrementos de la actividad de polvo vinculados con los períodos glaciares.

"Existe, en consecuencia un interés considerable por la distribución global de las fuentes de polvo, los factores que afectan las emisiones de polvo y las propiedades de las partículas emitidas", dijo Prospero, quien a lo largo de los años ha establecido unas dos docenas de estaciones de observación alrededor del planeta.

La investigación que Prospero ha desarrollado en los últimos seis años en Islandia ha determinado que "hay grandes tormentas de polvo que se originan allí y se trasladan al norte del océano Atlántico".

"El polvo contiene hierro, que es un micronutriente esencial para los organismos marinos, el fitoplancton", explicó el profesor emérito en la Escuela Rosenstiel de Ciencia Marina y Atmosférica en la Universidad de Miami.

"Tal como el nitrato y el fosfato son esenciales para los microorganismos, estos también necesitan pequeñas cantidades de hierro que son esenciales para la manufactura de enzimas y la conversión del dióxido de carbono en masa corporal", añadió.

De esta manera el agregado de hierro en las aguas oceánicas estimula el crecimiento del fitoplancton que, a su vez, afecta al dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera.

"Islandia al parecer desempeña un papel importante como abastecedor de nutrientes para los organismos marinos, pero no hemos determinado la magnitud de ese papel", dijo el investigador. Según Prospero se aprecia un incremento sustancial de la actividad de polvo en Islandia a medida que los glaciares disminuyen debido al calentamiento global.

"Desde satélites hemos observado la disminución de glaciares en Islandia, en Alaska, en la Patagonia, y en todas partes vemos un aumento del polvo", continuó. "Ese polvo proviene del suelo en torno al glaciar que, a medida que disminuye deja materiales expuestos a ser levantados al aire".

Según Prospero "al ritmo actual de disminución de los glaciares en Islandia, en cien años no habrá glaciares allí". El polvo mismo contribuye a incrementar la tasa de disminución de glaciares explicó el científico.

"Cuando los glaciares están fuertes y 'limpios', su color es blanco, brillante, refractario de la luz", dijo. "Pero cuando empiezan a acumular polvo en sus estrías, en la parte alta del glaciar, se absorbe más calor de la luz del Sol y el derretimiento es más rápido".

Prospero y sus colegas pasaron seis años estudiando la isla de Heimaey, al sur de Islandia y tomando mediciones de las partículas de polvo, o aerosoles, en el aire.

Los investigadores identificaron episodios frecuentes de producción de polvo en la región, que en algunos casos alcanzan a 20 microgramos de partículas por metro cúbico, y determinaron que las emisiones de polvo de la isla tienden a ser más elevadas en la primavera. Gran parte de este polvo es transportado hacia el sur de la isla y cae sobre el Atlántico norte. EFE

Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui